Emerging businesses are faced with tough challenges in terms of people management, process improvement, and quick technology adoption. They are looking for continuously redefining their competitive advantage, strengthening the delivery of their value proposition in the market place and improving the overall organizational positioning vis-a-vis its peers. The role of HR in such organizations is becoming more strategic than operational. With aggressive business growth, HR heads need to build in scalability of HCM (Human Capital Management) processes in their long-term strategic plans.
Payroll processing, which is primarily managed by HR department in most of the organizations, offers a great scope for process improvement and cost reduction. Realizing this potential, some of the emerging businesses in the telecom, IT, ITES, and even manufacturing sectors have outsourced this to experts so that they are able to focus on issues more strategic in nature. This trend is catching up and the inherent complexity of payroll processing is making this ‘next-gen HR move’ a reality, quite sooner than anticipated. Current Issues Faced by Organizations in Payroll Processing
* Payroll is mostly ‘policy’ driven and partly ‘statutes’ driven: The business rules of an organization determine the apportionment of the various components of the payslip. These business rules are susceptible to changes due to various factors - competition changing the rules, aggressive growth trajectory of the organization, or it can also be based on demands of the various stakeholders. These rules are very specific to the organization; a simple example could be the incentive calculation for a manufacturing industry and a FBP (flexible benefit plan) for aservices industry.
Payroll processing is also affected by periodic statutory changes but they are far less complex in nature as compared to the policy driven issues. But statutes driven changes impact the competition also in equal measure and hence the overall effect is minimal.
Organizations having multiple locations have to make investment in resources to take care of the actual filing of compliance related procedures. This resource is expected to manage the relations with the local statutory office personnel and also be able to understand the periodic changes in regulations.
An in-house team will find it very difficult to make rapid changes in the payroll processing arising out of policy or statute changes, as payroll is construed as a non-core activity.
*Growth plan for payroll processing personnel: In most of the organizations the internal resources working on payroll processing do not have a career plan to look forward to. Due to the complex nature of payroll processing, their knowledge is indispensable to the organization and movements to other internal openings are not encouraged. This leads to sudden attrition and an open vacancy, which becomes difficult to fill as the expertise specific to company business rules is built over a time (big risk factor) and is available only with the individual.
*Lack of process innovation: Payroll processing is overlooked by organizations for improvements as generally no problem is reported on the overall delivery mechanism. Employees are also happy to get used to the existing process issues with their focus set more on the value of the payslip. The point to be conveyed is that simply everybody misses the opportunity and the scope ‘payroll processing’ provides as an improvement area and its contemporary alignment to overall business objectives. People are the most important assets of any organization and ensuring timely delivery of error-free payslips can add to the satisfaction at the workplace.
*Technology: Organizations use payroll application, which is a standard or customized solution provided by a vendor or a third party
service provider. In either case, upgrades call for investment which management is unwilling to make as payroll processing is not viewed as critical. Dependence on software service providers is high and further investment is difficult to justify in terms of ROI. End result: Legacy rule continues.
Way Forward ...IP3 Framework Service Providers
IP3 (Infrastructure–Product–Process–People) framework deployed service provider are the best fit service providers for the above issue. World over, Ramco are among the very few companies who have the IP3 framework advantage. This framework helps organizations to switch models; from BPO to licensing to hosting. The switching model gives flexibility to an organization to decide on the ‘right solution’ within its budget without compromising on the quality of delivery.
us-visa-interview-questions
Who Said US Student Visa Is Tuff?
Start by doing what’s necessary, then what’s possible, and suddenly you’re doing the impossible
Some sample Visa Interview Questions and answers that students must prepare for, before their visa interview, are given below. These questions are in no particular order. Students must remember the model answers well, as these statistics/ facts provided might help impress the entry clearance officer enough, to get them to grant a visa to you.
Why do you want to go to the US to study (this answer is to be given if the question is why the US as a destination country. If the question is why UNA, then you don’t give this answer. The answer to that is given below in sr. no. 2)?
The US has always been the most preferred destination for International students because education in the US is considered to be the best in the world with excellent academic standards, University infrastructure, research facilities, course flexibility and the multi-cultural experience. Most students from India prefer to go to the US, for the reasons above, hence according to the Open Doors Survey by the US Institute of International Education (IIE), India sent 79,736 students to the US for higher education in 2003-2004. In fact Indian students now make up a sizeable 14% of all foreign students in the US. Over 100,000 Indian students apply for admission to US universities every year. I would like to give my career an edge, with a quality education experience which will give me the knowledge and skills that are required in today’s corporate world. I feel this is possible through education in the US.
Why have you chosen University of North Alabama?
(Please mention the following reasons on why you chose UNA as the University where you want to do your program);
- University of North Alabama is an accredited State owned controlled and funded university. This means it is government owned and controlled, which is important to me as an Indian student, considering the number of private and low quality institutions promoting in India these days to recruit students.
- UNA is 175 years old, which means it has a long History and tradition behind it. It surely must be a quality institution to have survived this long.
- It is also selected as the ‘Best Buy in Higher education’ by US News & World Report, which is very reputable source of information on US Universities. Best buy would generally mean, quality at an affordable price.
- The town Florence in Alabama State, where UNA is located, is ranked as the 5th safest city, in US according to F.B.I. Crime Reports. My family feels very secure with this fact.
- Besides, Alabama State and Florence city is not expensive to live in, compared to other cities in the US, like New York, New Jersey, Los Angeles, San Diego, etc. Hence this also makes the experience more viable for the students from India.
Why have you chosen this course/ program of study?
Undergraduate students can speak about their specific interests and how the course they have applied for, consists of the same. They should be able to talk about their course structure over here.
For students with a business Bachelor’s degree (Bcom, BBA, BBM or any other Business Bachelors degree), say that doing an MBA is a logical step forward as far as my higher education is concerned. Hence if MBA applicants who have done their Bcom, BBA, BBM are asked why they have chosen this course, they must mention that
I have done my Bachelor’s in Business and hence would like to go on and do my Master’s in Business as well. And since MBA is the Premier Business Qualification (the topmost business qualification), I have chosen to do that.
For students from Engineering or any other background going for MBA program, when they are asked this question, they could say
Being an engineering/technical graduate (or any other stream) there is only a particular level in the company hierarchy where I can reach because all top positions are held by management professionals. However, if I can top up my existing Bachelors degree in a non- business area, with an MBA, I will get that extra edge that is required to climb the corporate ladder to the top! Besides, Engineering and Management (if students are from an Engineering background) are supposed to be an ideal combination as far as employers are concerned, as I would bring with me a technical as well as business background to the job!
For students from other backgrounds, please say the same thing as above.
Special answer for students going for MBA-Health Care Management after MBBS/B.Pharm
The role of Health Care Administrator begins from Planning to directing, coordinating and supervising the delivery of Health Care. With Health Care Industry of India growing at great pace Medical/Pharmacy graduates are increasingly being absorbed in hospitals, nursing homes and other medical establishments as hospital managers and health care administrators, for the smooth administration of any medical establishment and its staff, it helps to be formerly trained in health care administration., otherwise most of the time people learn by hit-and-trail method.
The course in health care administration/Management usually provides inputs on organizational behaviour, health economics, organizational research, health plan, strategic management, how to design a hospital requirements of a hospital, design of operation theatre, national health programme, medico-legal acts, waste managemen, international health regulations, comparative health administration, accountancy and so on. All these learning areas will help me to become a good qualified Hospital Manager or Health Care Administrator.
Have you applied to any other university?
You will have to answer this according to what the truth is. If you have not applied to other Universities, do not worry. You may say to the officer interviewing you, that
“
I have browsed through other University websites like Yale, Harvard, Stanford, etc, and found that the fees were very expensive, in the range of $70,000 to $100,000. And living expenses of Columbia University, New York State University, University of Southern California, etc, were also high as they are in the bigger cities in the US. When I came across University of North Alabama, in Florence, Alabama, I thought that this was a perfect fit, as the University was State Owned, 175 years old, in a city, which is more affordable, and the fees of the University are also more affordable, hence I did not apply elsewhere.
If you did apply to other Universities too, please mention where else you applied. Then you may state that in spite of applying to other Universities, you selected UNA finally, due to the above reasons mentioned.
Do you have your test scores ie. TOEFL/ IELTS and GMAT/ GRE?
Please keep these scores handy, and as they ask this question, please answer by mentioning your test score, and at the same time, while talking, remove your test scores from your bunch of papers, and keep it in front of the entry clearance officer.
If you don’t have a test score, please collect from TASMAC-Ahmedabad office, a letter from UNA, which mentions that students, who have a particular academic achievement, do not need TOEFL/ IELTS or GMAT/ GRE. This letter from UNA mentions that students who have more than 60% in English in 10th and 12th do not need TOEFL/ IELTS and students who have a first class aggregate in their Bachelors degree do not need a GMAT/ GRE score for admission. If you belong to this category, and are asked a question at the interview about your TOEFL/ IELTS or GMAT/ GRE, please answer the question, and at the same time, while answering, please keep this letter in front of the entry clearance officer. This will help them understand that not only do you have a valid answer but also evidence to support this answer.
What do you plan to do after you graduate? / How do I know you'll come back after your education? / Why would you want to come back to India and not work in US after your course completion (or any question related to coming back to India after the course/ working in the US after the course/ plans for the future)?
This is one of the most common questions, which you must be prepared to answer. Under no circumstances, should you mention that you are interested in working in the US, after your course is over. Even if the visa officer asks you ‘what if you get a job in the US’ please tell him that you will not work in the US, as you have certain responsibilities towards the family and also want to come back to work in India.
There are two categories of students generally and they can answer such questions according to what’s mentioned below;
A) For students who have a family business to come back to, please take along with you a set of the following documents;
- Letter from your company signed by the Managing Director (MD)/ Proprietor addressed ‘To Whomsoever It May Concern’ stating that you are one of the sons/ daughters etc of the company and are expected to come back after the course in the University abroad gets over. It should mention that this course is being undertaken by you, to equip yourself with the knowledge and skills required at a global/ international level, to come back and use that knowledge and skills for the growth of your own company. The MD should also mention that he is attaching the Profit & Loss Statement of the company, the Balance Sheet of the company and Registration Certificate of the company, to give more information on the company background. This letter at the bottom should have a paragraph, which mentions ‘For any further clarifications, please do not hesitate to contact me on _______ (landline) and ________ (mobile)’. By giving the landline and mobile numbers, the Managing Director/ Proprietor of the company (even if he/ she is your immediate family member) is demonstrating the interest, seriousness and commitment towards your visa application.
- Please staple/ attach to this letter, the Balance Sheet, Profit & Loss Account statement, and the Registration Certificate of the company (Memorandum and Articles of Association if available too) for the visa officer to look through if that is of interest to him.
B) For students who do not have a family business to come back to, you should mention
“
India today, is one of the 4 fastest growing economies in the world, after the US, China and Japan, according to a recent article that was published in the Times of India. I would like to come back to my country after my education, as my countries economy is on the rise and I would like to take advantage of that (Here Health Care Administration/Management students can also speak about growing Health care Industry of India and increasing Job opportunities in Health care Industry), and work amongst my own people. Besides, I also have a very strong connection with my family and would like to be close to them. I think the qualification I want to do at UNA will help me in getting a good job in my country itself (then go on to explain what is mentioned below).
I am studying for this qualification, not only to update my knowledge in the field of business, but also to gain an edge in the employment market in India, over other students who have the same qualification from an Indian Institution. As far as Indian institutions are concerned, there are only top 10 Business Schools, which are worth going into;
- The 5 IIM’s (Indian Institutes of Management)
- S.P.Jain institute
- Jamnalal Bajaj
- NMIMS
- XLRI
- FMS
The other institutions apart from the above top ten, are not consistent with quality and infrastructure. Even the employers are aware of this fact. Hence, after my course in UNA, when I return to India, I am confident that the employers will value my degree qualification because;
1. I will have studied in an Accredited University
2. In the United States of America, which means that it must have had certain quality education standards, unlike the 1000 + business schools in India (apart from the top ten).
3. I will be exposed to a different world in terms of living and learning, which would also show well on my personality and confidence.
4. I will have the ability to work with people of different cultures, as I will be studying with students from different countries and will work on assignments/ projects with them. Which in future, will help me in working with multicultural teams. And I think this is a big advantage in the corporate world today, which the employers are well aware of.
These factors will obviously make the employer feel that I have an edge over other students applying for the same job in the organization. Hence I feel that getting a good job in India, will not be a problem at all when I come back (Be confident when you say this)
Who is paying for your education and what is his/her income/ Please show me your financial documents/ what is your financial status (or any question related to the financial status)?
Please keep a set of the following documents ready, exactly in the order as mentioned below, to tackle this question,
a. Affidavit of Support.
b. A Statement from a Chartered Accountant (CA) giving the details of the money available in separate bank accounts, fixed deposit schemes, etc and amounts exactly as reflected in the accounts, fixed deposit receipts. (Also know as summary or Utilization sheet sealed and singed by CA)
c. Copies of the bank statements/ passbook(s) as mentioned in (b.) above, in the same order. Please highlight the amount reflected on the bank statement/ passbook/ fixed deposit, etc with a green highlighter. The fact that the visa officer will see the amount on the CA statement and then compare it with the highlighted amount on your bank statements, fixed deposit receipts, etc., will help him decide in your favour.
d. Valuation Report of Fixed Properties
e. Bank loan letter (if you are taking a bank loan).
f. Income Tax Returns of your sponsor(s).
g. Balance Sheet of the company (if your father’s company is sponsoring you).
h. Profit and Loss Account statement of the company (if your father’s company is sponsoring you).
For all questions related to financial capability/ documents, please start by saying;
“
I have the financial capability to do this program, and have Rs. _____ which is $ ____, available in the bank and fixed deposits, etc (mention the amounts available as the case may be). If you have a bank loan, also mention that you have a bank loan granted for this purpose.
Do not say anything more than the above. Start by saying the above and after starting to talk, while saying the above, please remove the above set of documents, keep them in front of you (facing the visa officer) and point to the figures on the CA Statement while mentioning the figures. Then you may tell him “ The bank statements, fixed deposit receipts (or whatever it may be that you are showing) are attached behind the CA Statement, in case you want to look at them sir”. Please don’t say anything more, as the visa officer does not want students to talk too much.
The fact that you mention the finances available verbally, and at the same time put the papers across to show the visa officer, and also point the figures to him, will make him feel that you are prepared for the interview, and are not wasting his time.
Also, while talking and removing papers and showing them to him, is a sign of positive body language, as that clears the question, and shows that you are confident.
Why don't you do this course in your country?
Here again, you can mention –
There are only top 10 Business Schools in India, which are worth going into;
- The 5 IIM’s (Indian Institutes of Management)
- S.P.Jain institute
- Jamnalal Bajaj
- NMIMS
- XLRI
- FMS
The other institutions apart from the above top ten, are not consistent with quality and infrastructure. Even the employers are aware of this fact. There are only a couple of thousand seats in these top ten institutions, but more than 200,000 (2 lakh) students applying every year. Hence the competition is very tough.
Moreover there are very few Management Institutes in India which are offering MBA with Specialization in Health Care Management.
Hence, I decided that instead of investing my time and money into a mediocre institution in India, I might as well consider a State Owned, accredited, 175 year old University in the US, which is certainly bound to be much better than the mediocre institute in India, in terms of quality of education, infrastructure, recognition and experience. After all, I will be investing my time and money only once in my life. I might as well give it my best shot!
Do you have any relative/ friends in the US?
No. I do not have any relatives or friends in the US. The visa application form also asks for this information and you should mention the same.
Would you take up part time jobs while studying?
My objective of going to the US is to study and graduate with good grades. I come from a secure financial background, hence do not need to work to support my study or living expenses. However I will see, if I have enough time after going there and if it does not affect my studies, I might work part time on-campus to get some experience on the work culture in US.
Some tips to crack US visas;
1. US gets 80,000 students from India each year, the next best figure to any foreign country is, 16,000 students annually to the UK. This means that students are getting visa to the US, in spite of UK doing better promotion for their courses in India. Indian students bring more than billion and a half (that is many millions!) to the US Economy. Consequently, that means that the US visa officers realize that and will not refuse your visa just like that! They want you to go, as you bring money to their country. Hope this makes you feel more confident of your visa interview!
2. Because so many students want to apply for their US student visa, the visa officer has very little time to interview each and every student. They have only 4 to 5 mins for each student. Hence, to test the student’s seriousness, they might be a little aggressive while talking to you, and it may appear rude. Please don’t worry as that is only to test your nerves. If you are still confident and answer your questions confidently, they will know that you are sure of what you are doing and will be impressed. Hence please don’t let the attitude of the visa officer affect you. Be confident as you are not doing anything wrong!
3. As mentioned above, it helps that while talking, you are putting evidence in front of the visa officer, in the form of papers relating to the question asked, eg.
o Financial documents in case of question on finance
o The purple brochure on UNA, in case a question is asked on why UNA
o Documents on your family company, in case you plan to come back to it
o IELTS/ TOEFL or GMAT/ GRE or the letter from UNA exempting you from the tests
This makes the visa officer feel that you have come prepared for the interview. Hence please keep sets of the papers above ready, in a way that you waste absolutely no time in removing them when a related question is asked. If you are fumbling with the papers trying to look for them while the question is asked, you will lose time at the interview and might end up making the officer a little impatient, which you don’t want to do. Hence keep all the papers above ready in sets.
4. During the interview Please talk as if you are having a regular conversation with someone, don’t feel tense or worried. Please do not worry as they are doing their job, and you are doing your job. You are not doing anything wrong, so there is nothing to be afraid of. Be confident and be audible (that is, be loud enough to be heard well)
5. Please go well dressed for the interview, dressed in formals.
6. Please do not think too much of what might happen, while you are waiting for your turn to be interviewed. It does not help to get stressed, as you have done what you could possibly have. Hence try not to think of the interview at all, as what has to happen, will happen. And in your case, you have done all you could to prepare yourself.
J2EE Interview Questions
J2EE is an environment for developing and deploying enterprise applications. The J2EE platform consists of a set of services, application programming interfaces (APIs), and protocols that provide the functionality for developing multitiered, web-based applications.
2. What is the J2EE module?
A J2EE module consists of one or more J2EE components for the same container type and one component deployment descriptor of that type.
3. What are the components of J2EE application?
A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application with its related classes and files and communicates with other components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE components:
Application clients and applets are client components.
Java Servlet and JavaServer PagesTM (JSPTM) technology components are web components.
Enterprise JavaBeansTM (EJBTM) components (enterprise beans) are business components.
Resource adapter components provided by EIS and tool vendors.
4. What are the four types of J2EE modules?
1. Application client module
2. Web module
3. Enterprise JavaBeans module
4. Resource adapter module
5. What does application client module contain?
The application client module contains:
--Class files,
--An application client deployment descriptoor.
Application client modules are packaged as JAR files with a .jar extension. 6. What does web module contain?
The web module contains:
--JSP files,
--class files for servlets,
--GIF and HTML files, and
--a Web deployment descriptor. Web modules are packaged as JAR files with a .war (Web ARchive) extension.
7. What are the differences between Ear, Jar and War files? Under what circumstances should we use each one?
There are no structural differences between the files; they are all archived using zip-jar compression. However, they are intended for different purposes.
--Jar files (files with a .jar extension) arre intended to hold generic libraries of Java classes, resources, auxiliary files, etc.
--War files (files with a .war extension) arre intended to contain complete Web applications. In this context, a Web application is defined as a single group of files, classes, resources, .jar files that can be packaged and accessed as one servlet context.
--Ear files (files with a .ear extension) arre intended to contain complete enterprise applications. In this context, an enterprise application is defined as a collection of .jar files, resources, classes, and multiple Web applications.
Each type of file (.jar, .war, .ear) is processed uniquely by application servers, servlet containers, EJB containers, etc.
The Session bean and Entity bean are two main parts of EJB container.
Session Bean
--represents a workflow on behalf of a cliennt
--one-to-one logical mapping to a client. –created and destroyed by a client
--not permanent objects
--lives its EJB container(generally) does noot survive system shut down
--two types: stateless and stateful beans Entity Bean
--represents persistent data and behavior off this data
--can be shared among multiple clients
--persists across multiple invocations
--findable permanent objects
--outlives its EJB container, survives systeem shutdown
--two types: container managed persistence(CCMP) and bean managed persistence(BMP)
9. What is "applet"
A J2EE component that typically executes in a Web browser but can execute in a variety of other applications or devices that support the applet programming model.
10. What is "applet container"
A container that includes support for the applet programming model.
11. What is JSP tag library
A collection of custom tags described via a tag library descriptor and Java classes.
12. What is JSTL
Abbreviate of JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library.
13. What is JTA
Abbreviate of Java Transaction API.
14. What is JTS
Abbreviate of Java Transaction Service.
15. What is keystore
A file containing the keys and certificates used for authentication
16. What is life cycle (J2EE component)
The framework events of a J2EE component's existence. Each type of component has defining events that mark its transition into states in which it has varying availability for use. For example, a servlet is created and has its init method called by its container before invocation of its service method by clients or other servlets that require its functionality. After the call of its init method, it has the data and readiness for its intended use. The servlet's destroy method is called by its container before the ending of its existence so that processing associated with winding up can be done and resources can be released. The init and destroy methods in this example are callback methods. Similar considerations apply to the life cycle of all J2EE component types: enterprise beans, Web components (servlets or JSP pages), applets, and application clients.
17. What is life cycle (JavaServer Faces)
A set of phases during which a request for a page is received, a UI component tree representing the page is processed, and a response is produced. During the phases of the life cycle: The local data of the components is updated with the values contained in the request parameters. Events generated by the components are processed. Validators and converters registered on the components are processed. The components' local data is updated to back-end objects. The response is rendered to the client while the component state of The response is saved on the server for future requests.
18. What is local subset
That part of the DTD that is defined within the current XML file.
19. What is managed bean creation facility
A mechanism for defining the characteristics of JavaBeans components used in a JavaServer Faces application.
20. What is message ?
In the Java Message Service, an asynchronous request, report, or event that is created, sent, and consumed by an enterprise application and not by a human. It contains vital information needed to coordinate enterprise applications, in the form of precisely formatted data that describes specific business actions.
21. What is authorization?
The process by which access to a method or resource is determined. Authorization depends on the determination of whether the principal associated with a request through authentication is in a given security role. A security role is a logical grouping of users defined by the person who assembles the application. A deployer maps security roles to security identities. Security identities may be principals or groups in the operational environment.
22. What is authorization constraint
An authorization rule that determines who is permitted to access a Web resource collection.
23. What is B2B
B2B stands for Business-to-business.
24. What is backing bean
A JavaBeans component that corresponds to a JSP page that includes JavaServer Faces components. The backing bean defines properties for the components on the page and methods that perform processing for the component. This processing includes event handling, validation, and processing associated with navigation.
25. What is basic authentication
An authentication mechanism in which a Web server authenticates an entity via a user name and password obtained using the Web application's built-in authentication mechanism.
26. What is bean-managed persistence
The mechanism whereby data transfer between an entity bean's variables and a resource manager is managed by the entity bean.
27. What is bean-managed transaction
A transaction whose boundaries are defined by an enterprise bean.
28. What is binding (XML)
Generating the code needed to process a well-defined portion of XML data.
29. What is binding (JavaServer Faces technology)
Wiring UI components to back-end data sources such as backing bean properties.
30. What is build file
The XML file that contains one or more asant targets. A target is a set of tasks you want to be executed. When starting asant, you can select which targets you want to have executed. When no target is given, the project's default target is executed.
31. What is business logic
The code that implements the functionality of an application. In the Enterprise JavaBeans architecture, this logic is implemented by the methods of an enterprise bean.
32.What is business method
A method of an enterprise bean that implements the business logic or rules of an application.
33. What is callback methods
Component methods called by the container to notify the component of important events in its life cycle.
34. What is caller
Same as caller principal.
35. What is caller principal
The principal that identifies the invoker of the enterprise bean method.
36. What is cascade delete
A deletion that triggers another deletion. A cascade delete can be specified for an entity bean that has container-managed persistence.
37. What is CDATA
A predefined XML tag for character data that means "don't interpret these characters," as opposed to parsed character data (PCDATA), in which the normal rules of XML syntax apply. CDATA sections are typically used to show examples of XML syntax.
38. What is certificate authority
A trusted organization that issues public key certificates and provides identification to the bearer.
39. What is client-certificate authentication
An authentication mechanism that uses HTTP over SSL, in which the server and, optionally, the client authenticate each other with a public key certificate that conforms to a standard that is defined by X.509 Public Key Infrastructure.
40. What is comment
In an XML document, text that is ignored unless the parser is specifically told to recognize it.
41. What is commit
The point in a transaction when all updates to any resources involved in the transaction are made permanent.
42. What is component contract
The contract between a J2EE component and its container. The contract includes life-cycle management of the component, a context interface that the instance uses to obtain various information and services from its container, and a list of services that every container must provide for its components.
43. What is component-managed sign-on
A mechanism whereby security information needed for signing on to a resource is provided by an application component.
44. What is connector
A standard extension mechanism for containers that provides connectivity to enterprise information systems. A connector is specific to an enterprise information system and consists of a resource adapter and application development tools for enterprise information system connectivity. The resource adapter is plugged in to a container through its support for system-level contracts defined in the Connector architecture.
45. What is Connector architecture
An architecture for integration of J2EE products with enterprise information systems. There are two parts to this architecture: a resource adapter provided by an enterprise information system vendor and the J2EE product that allows this resource adapter to plug in. This architecture defines a set of contracts that a resource adapter must support to plug in to a J2EE product-for example, transactions, security, and resource management.
46. What is container
An entity that provides life-cycle management, security, deployment, and runtime services to J2EE components. Each type of container (EJB, Web, JSP, servlet, applet, and application client) also provides component-specific services.
47. What is container-managed persistence
The mechanism whereby data transfer between an entity bean's variables and a resource manager is managed by the entity bean's container.
48. What is container-managed sign-on
The mechanism whereby security information needed for signing on to a resource is supplied by the container.
49. What is container-managed transaction
A transaction whose boundaries are defined by an EJB container. An entity bean must use container-managed transactions.
50. What is content
In an XML document, the part that occurs after the prolog, including the root element and everything it contains.
51. What is context attribute
An object bound into the context associated with a servlet.
52. What is context root
A name that gets mapped to the document root of a Web application.
53. What is conversational state
The field values of a session bean plus the transitive closure of the objects reachable from the bean's fields. The transitive closure of a bean is defined in terms of the serialization protocol for the Java programming language, that is, the fields that would be stored by serializing the bean instance.
54. What is CORBA
Common Object Request Broker Architecture. A language-independent distributed object model specified by the OMG.
55. What is create method
A method defined in the home interface and invoked by a client to create an enterprise bean.
56. What is credentials
The information describing the security attributes of a principal.
57. What is CSS
Cascading style sheet. A stylesheet used with HTML and XML documents to add a style to all elements marked with a particular tag, for the direction of browsers or other presentation mechanisms.
58. What is CTS
Compatibility test suite. A suite of compatibility tests for verifying that a J2EE product complies with the J2EE platform specification.
59. What is data
The contents of an element in an XML stream, generally used when the element does not contain any subelements. When it does, the term content is generally used. When the only text in an XML structure is contained in simple elements and when elements that have subelements have little or no data mixed in, then that structure is often thought of as XML data, as opposed to an XML document.
60. What is DDP
Document-driven programming. The use of XML to define applications.
61. What is declaration
The very first thing in an XML document, which declares it as XML. The minimal declaration is . The declaration is part of the document prolog.
62. What is declarative security
Mechanisms used in an application that are expressed in a declarative syntax in a deployment descriptor.
63. What is delegation
An act whereby one principal authorizes another principal to use its identity or privileges with some restrictions.
64. What is deployer
A person who installs J2EE modules and applications into an operational environment.
65. What is deployment
The process whereby software is installed into an operational environment.
66. What is deployment descriptor
An XML file provided with each module and J2EE application that describes how they should be deployed. The deployment descriptor directs a deployment tool to deploy a module or application with specific container options and describes specific configuration requirements that a deployer must resolve.
67. What is destination
A JMS administered object that encapsulates the identity of a JMS queue or topic. See point-to-point messaging system, publish/subscribe messaging system.
68. What is digest authentication
An authentication mechanism in which a Web application authenticates itself to a Web server by sending the server a message digest along with its HTTP request message. The digest is computed by employing a one-way hash algorithm to a concatenation of the HTTP request message and the client's password. The digest is typically much smaller than the HTTP request and doesn't contain the password.
69. What is distributed application
An application made up of distinct components running in separate runtime environments, usually on different platforms connected via a network. Typical distributed applications are two-tier (client-server), three-tier (client-middleware-server), and multitier (client-multiple middleware-multiple servers).
67. What is document
In general, an XML structure in which one or more elements contains text intermixed with subelements.
68. What is Document Object Model
An API for accessing and manipulating XML documents as tree structures. DOM provides platform-neutral, language-neutral interfaces that enables programs and scripts to dynamically access and modify content and structure in XML documents.
69. What is document root
The top-level directory of a WAR. The document root is where JSP pages, client-side classes and archives, and static Web resources are stored.
70. What is DTD
Document type definition. An optional part of the XML document prolog, as specified by the XML standard. The DTD specifies constraints on the valid tags and tag sequences that can be in the document. The DTD has a number of shortcomings, however, and this has led to various schema proposals. For example, the DTD entry says that the XML element called username contains parsed character data-that is, text alone, with no other structural elements under it. The DTD includes both the local subset, defined in the current file, and the external subset, which consists of the definitions contained in external DTD files that are referenced in the local subset using a parameter entity.
71. What is durable subscription
In a JMS publish/subscribe messaging system, a subscription that continues to exist whether or not there is a current active subscriber object. If there is no active subscriber, the JMS provider retains the subscription's messages until they are received by the subscription or until they expire.
72. What is EAR file
Enterprise Archive file. A JAR archive that contains a J2EE application.
73. What is ebXML
Electronic Business XML. A group of specifications designed to enable enterprises to conduct business through the exchange of XML-based messages. It is sponsored by OASIS and the United Nations Centre for the Facilitation of Procedures and Practices in Administration, Commerce and Transport (U.N./CEFACT).
74. What is EJB
Enterprise JavaBeans.
75. What is EJB container
A container that implements the EJB component contract of the J2EE architecture. This contract specifies a runtime environment for enterprise beans that includes security, concurrency, life-cycle management, transactions, deployment, naming, and other services. An EJB container is provided by an EJB or J2EE server.
76. What is EJB container provider
A vendor that supplies an EJB container.
77. What is EJB context
A vendor that supplies an EJB container. An object that allows an enterprise bean to invoke services provided by the container and to obtain the information about the caller of a client-invoked method.
78. What is EJB home object
An object that provides the life-cycle operations (create, remove, find) for an enterprise bean. The class for the EJB home object is generated by the container's deployment tools. The EJB home object implements the enterprise bean's home interface. The client references an EJB home object to perform life-cycle operations on an EJB object. The client uses JNDI to locate an EJB home object
79. What is EJB JAR file
A JAR archive that contains an EJB module.
80. What is EJB module
A deployable unit that consists of one or more enterprise beans and an EJB deployment descriptor.
81. What is EJB object
An object whose class implements the enterprise bean's remote interface. A client never references an enterprise bean instance directly; a client always references an EJB object. The class of an EJB object is generated by a container's deployment tools.
82. What is EJB server
Software that provides services to an EJB container. For example, an EJB container typically relies on a transaction manager that is part of the EJB server to perform the two-phase commit across all the participating resource managers. The J2EE architecture assumes that an EJB container is hosted by an EJB server from the same vendor, so it does not specify the contract between these two entities. An EJB server can host one or more EJB containers.
83. What is EJB server provider
A vendor that supplies an EJB server.
83. What is EJB server provider What is element
A unit of XML data, delimited by tags. An XML element can enclose other elements.
84. What is empty tag
A tag that does not enclose any content
85. What is enterprise bean
A J2EE component that implements a business task or business entity and is hosted by an EJB container; either an entity bean, a session bean, or a message-driven bean.
86. What is enterprise bean provider
An application developer who produces enterprise bean classes, remote and home interfaces, and deployment descriptor files, and packages them in an EJB JAR file.
87. What is enterprise information system
The applications that constitute an enterprise's existing system for handling companywide information. These applications provide an information infrastructure for an enterprise. An enterprise information system offers a well-defined set of services to its clients. These services are exposed to clients as local or remote interfaces or both. Examples of enterprise information systems include enterprise resource planning systems, mainframe transaction processing systems, and legacy database systems.
91. What is an entity
A distinct, individual item that can be included in an XML document by referencing it. Such an entity reference can name an entity as small as a character (for example, <, which references the less-than symbol or left angle bracket, <). An entity reference can also reference an entire document, an external entity, or a collection of DTD definitions.
92. What is entity bean An enterprise bean that represents persistent data maintained in a database.
An entity bean can manage its own persistence or can delegate this function to its container. An entity bean is identified by a primary key. If the container in which an entity bean is hosted crashes, the entity bean, its primary key, and any remote references survive the crash.
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